Evidence & References

• Browse by Product or Use Case: Use filters or categories to explore studies linked to each technology (e.g. CES, MET, HBOT, red light, cryotherapy).
  
  
• Track the Evidence Quality: We reference the evidence pyramid (RCTs, meta-analyses, open-label studies, case reports) so you can assess the strength of each source at a glance.
  
  
• Download Full Studies: Where available, we provide links to full-text publications or summaries on platforms like PubMed, ResearchGate, or journals.
  
  
• Use in Clinical or Commercial Settings: This library supports B2B partners, helping you build confidence in the tools you use with clients or patients.
  

• Stay Updated: As new research emerges, we continually update this archive to reflect the latest findings.

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Evidence Level

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Evidence Level refers to the type of study design. Different types of studies provide different strengths of evidence.

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Quality Rating

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Quality Rating reflects how much confidence we can place in the evidence level overall.

• High: Synthesises multiple studies or uses strong, controlled methods.
• Moderate: Provides useful findings but with some design limitations.
• Low: Offers early signals or context, but carries higher risk of bias.

Together, the Level tells you what type of study it is, and the Quality Rating helps you understand how reliable it is likely to be.

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Evidence Levels and Quality Ratings

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High Quality

• Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses of RCTs – Synthesise results from multiple randomised trials. Considered the strongest level of evidence.

• Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) – Prospective studies with random allocation to groups. Minimise bias and provide high-quality causal evidence.

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Moderate Quality

• Cohort Studies – Follow groups over time to compare those exposed vs not exposed. Useful for real-world data, but subject to confounding.

• Case-Control Studies – Compare people with a condition to those without, looking backward to identify potential risk factors.

• Cross-Sectional Studies / Surveys – Snapshot designs showing associations at a single point in time.

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Low Quality

• Open-Label Clinical Trials – Prospective studies without blinding; more prone to bias, but still provide clinical outcome data.

• Case Reports & Case Series – Descriptive reports of individual patients or small groups. Useful for early observations.

• Expert Opinion / Mechanistic Reasoning / Lab Studies – Includes theoretical models, lab/animal work, or imaging studies without clinical endpoints. Generate hypotheses but not direct clinical proof.

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Important Notes

• We only include studies that reflect the exact device or methodology used in our protocols. (e.g. Alpha-Stim research does not generalise to all CES devices.)
  
  
• Inclusion of a study does not imply product claims — it exists to inform, not market.
  
  
• Where products are NHS-used, NICE-referenced, or CE/FDA-cleared, we include those regulatory notes separately.
  
  

If you're not familiar with interpreting scientific studies, see our companion article: "How to Read Medical Research Without a PhD" (Coming Soon)